The Charsi of Medical Literature

Visceral Leishmaniasis

February 28, 2026

– Caused by the Leishmania donovani parasite. – Transmitted through: Sandfly (Phlebotomus species) – Infective form: Promatigote – Diagnostic form: Amastigote (in macrophage) – Endemic region: East UP, West bengal, Bihar Clinical features- • Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen • Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver• Pallor: due to anemia (Pancytopenia)• Fever • Hyperpigmentation (Darkening of skin): referred to as […]

Vitamins deficiency symptoms

February 28, 2026Biochemistry

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency – 1. Beri Beri (Wet, dry etc) 2. Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency – 1. Angular cheliosis 2. Corneal vascularization 3. Seborrheic dermatitis Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency – 1. Pellagra (4D: Dementia, Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Death) 2. Hartnup disease 3. Carcinoid syndrome (Seratonin production increase) 4. Vitamin B3 deficiency see […]

Dual, Triple and Quadeuple test

February 28, 2026Obstetrics and Gynecology

Parameter Dual Test Triple Test Quadruple Test Timing First trimester Second trimester Second trimester Components 1. Beta-hCG 2. PAPP-A • Nuchal translucency(NT) on USG 1. Beta-hCG 2. AFP 3. uE3 1. Beta-hCG 2. AFP 3. uE3 4. Inhibin A *PAPP-A (Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A) Edwards syndrome, Down syndrome and NTD (Neural tube defect)- […]

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